Objective To study the distribution of suitable habitats of Ornithodoros ticks in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (Xinjiang),China under current and future climate scenarios. Methods The Ornithodoros distribution data in Xinjiang in 2002-2022 were obtained through field sampling and literature search. The obtained distribution data were sorted and plotted by ArcGIS 10.6 software. The climate data in Xinjiang in the past 30 years and future 80 years were obtained through the WorldClim 2.1 database. The main environmental variables were selected using the maximum entropy (MaxEnt) jackknife test and Spearman correlation analysis. The selected Ornithodoros distribution data and environmental variables were used to construct a MaxEnt model for predicting and projecting the current and future potential suitable habitats of Ornithodoros in Xinjiang. The predictive performance of the model was assessed using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). The relative effects of different environmental variables on the potential distribution of Ornithodoros were assessed using the MaxEnt jackknife test. The specific effects of environmental variables on the potential distribution of Ornithodoros were analyzed using the response curves derived from the MaxEnt model. The results were visualized and reclassified using ArcGIS 10.6 software to analyze the potential distribution of Ornithodoros and the suitable habitat area in Xinjiang under current and future (ssp245) climate scenarios. Results A total of 65 distribution data of Ornithodoros and six environmental variables were selected from 82 pieces of distribution data and 20 environmental variables through query and comparison. The AUC of the constructed MaxEnt model was 0.892,with good prediction accuracy. The jackknife test showed that the dominant climatic factors influencing the distribution of Ornithodoros were the minimum temperature in the coldest month and the precipitation in the driest season, with the contribution rates being 53.32% and 15.68%, respectively. The response curves showed that appropriate temperature and humidity would greatly increase the probability of occurrence of Ornithodoros. According to the model prediction map and reclassification results, under current climatic conditions, the suitable habitats of Ornithodoros in Xinjiang were mainly distributed around the Tarim Basin and the Turpan Basin; the areas of the most suitable habitats and highly suitable habitats were 84 900 km ² and 119 900 km ², respectively; the total area of the suitable habitats accounted for about 30.01% of the total area of Xinjiang. Under the ssp245 climate scenario, the most suitable area would increase to 93 700 km ² in 2021-2040, and the highly suitable area would increase to 134 200 km ² in 2081-2100. Conclusions Temperature is the most important factor influencing the distribution of Ornithodoros. The most suitable area and highly suitable area of Ornithodoros would increase under future climate scenarios.

Objective To investigate the influence of urbanization on the structure of rodent community in different habitats in the rural areas, and to provide a scientific support for carrying out rodent control. Methods Night trapping method was used to investigate rodent community structure in the rural areas after urbanization. Three hundred traps were set in each sample region. The distance between traps was 5 m and the interval between survey lines was above 50 m. Traps were placed at dawn and collected in dusk. Results The urban-rural encroaching zone became the most important habitat for rodents after urbanization. The number and biomass of house mice increased greatly, while the dominance of voles significantly decreased. In the urban-rural encroaching zone, Rattus norvegicus was the most predominant species and the most pestiferous rodent. In the farmland 500 m away from the town, R. losea was the most predominant rodent and R. norvegicus was the secondary; Bandicota indica, R. norvegicus, and R. losea were the most pestiferous rodents. In the farmland 2 km away from the town, R. losea was the most predominant rodent and Mus musculus was the secondary; R. losea and B. indica were the most pestiferous rodents. Conclusion Urbanization indirectly provides favorable conditions for rodent infestation, with some changes in farmland rodent community. Sustainable management should be strengthened in the face of such changes.

Objective To investigate the influence of urbanization on the structure of rodent community in different habitats in the rural areas, and to provide a scientific support for carrying out rodent control. Methods Night trapping method was used to investigate rodent community structure in the rural areas after urbanization. Three hundred traps were set in each sample region. The distance between traps was 5 m and the interval between survey lines was above 50 m. Traps were placed at dawn and collected in dusk. Results The urban-rural encroaching zone became the most important habitat for rodents after urbanization. The number and biomass of house mice increased greatly, while the dominance of voles significantly decreased. In the urban-rural encroaching zone, Rattus norvegicus was the most predominant species and the most pestiferous rodent. In the farmland 500 m away from the town, R. losea was the most predominant rodent and R. norvegicus was the secondary; Bandicota indica, R. norvegicus, and R. losea were the most pestiferous rodents. In the farmland 2 km away from the town, R. losea was the most predominant rodent and Mus musculus was the secondary; R. losea and B. indica were the most pestiferous rodents. Conclusion Urbanization indirectly provides favorable conditions for rodent infestation, with some changes in farmland rodent community. Sustainable management should be strengthened in the face of such changes.

Objective To establish a DNA barcoding technique for the molecular identification of flies based on COⅠ gene and to make up for the deficiency of morphological identification of flies. Methods Sixteen flies commonly found at Yantai Port were used as subjects in this study. After morphological identification, total DNA was extracted from the single hind foot of each fly. According to reference, the international COⅠ primer LCO1490: 5′-GGT CAA CAA ATC ATA AAG ATA TTG G-3′ and HCO2198: 5′-TAA ACT TCA GGG TGA CCA AAA AAT CA-3′ were used to set up a PCR system. Sequence of COⅠ was successfully amplified, followed by sequencing and aligning of purified PCR product. Phylogenetic study of COⅠ gene was performed using Mega 5.05 by neighbor-joining (NJ), maximum parsimony (MP), and maximum likelihood (ML) methods. Results The amplified COⅠ fragments of sixteen flies were 690 bp in size, with an average A＋T content of 68.53%. The sequence alignment and phylogenetic study showed that the results of COⅠ gene-based identification were consistent with morphological identification. Conclusion The DNA barcoding technique established in this study is able to amplify COⅠ gene from flies and thereby identify flies with the same result as morphological identification; this technique is particularly suitable for the identification of a trace amount of samples.

Bunyaviridae is one of the most important vector-borne viruses which are spread by medical arthropods and rodents including mosquitoes, sandflies, midges, rats and others, with mammals such as the human being as its host. It turned out that the “tick bite event”occurring in Henan, Shandong and other places in 2010 was human infectious diseases caused by a new Bunyaviridae spread by its tick vector. Diseases caused by the virus, if severe enough, may lead to multiple organ failure, disseminated intravascular coagulation and even death with a mortality of about 10%. In the present article, an overview is made of the studies done both at home and abroad on the pathogenicity of Bunyaviridae and the diseases, infections and the immune response associated with the virus to provide a theoretical basis for the detection and prevention of diseases caused by Bunyaviridae.

Objective To determine the effectiveness of Japanese encephalitis (JE) mass immunization campaign in Guizhou in 2008, providing evidence for the development of control strategies. Methods Comprehensive analysis was performed based on the reports and investigation results during mass immunization campaign and epidemic information from the National Diseases Reporting System before and after the launch. Results A total of 1 503 052 children were immunized, the reported immunization coverage being 96.72%, the estimated coverage based on the population data 91.82%. The provincial incidence of JE was 0.85/100 000 in 2008, a decrease of 44.08% compared to that in 2007. Sharp decline in the incidence among target population was observed in various areas and counties to a more significant extent than that in non-target population. The incidence also decreased in each age group in 2008, yet the 8?month to 6-year-old group still had the highest incidence. Above average level of incidence was seen in Anshun, Qianxinan, Tongren and Bijie, and an increase of 111.59% was present in Anshun when compared to that in 2007. The incidence rates of 7 to 10-year-old group in Anshun, Qianxinan were both above the provincial average level, which increased by 117.83% and 66.32% when compared to those in 2007. Conclusion The expected goal of the JE mass immunization campaign had been attained. Younger children, especially those aged 8 months to 6 years in the province, were still the key group for prevention and control of this disease. Importance should be attached to the prevention and control of JE in such key areas as Anshun and Qianxinan.

【Abstract】 Objective To explore control efficacy of one?dose Japanese encephalitis（JE） attenuated live vaccine in 1-3 years in JE endemic areas, and provide the evidence for its control. Methods The children who only inoculated one?dose JE attenuated live vaccine from 2004 to 2006 in Guizhou were investigated, and its incidence rate within 1-3 years after inoculation was analyzed. At the same time, the immunization retrospective study to all the JE confirmed cases was done. Results The incidence rate of JE immunization county declined 62.36% compared to that of last year, but  it  rebounded  after  inoculation  for 1-2 years in some counties. Among the cases investigated, the targeted children accounted for 73.28％. No JE vaccine had been inoculated in 27 cases sampled randomly. The incidence rates of objectors were no significant difference after immunization for 1-3 years(χ2＝0.73, P＞0.05), which were 6.25/100 000, 5.77/100 000 and 4.54/100 000, respectively. The inoculation rates were 1.92% among 52 diagnosed cases, lower than that of the control(29.41%), and significant difference was found between them (χ2＝52.74, P＜0.01). Conclusion The long?term control efficacy of one dose JE attenuated live vaccine is very good after inoculation for 1-3 years , and the effective method to realize control efficacy is the increase of inoculation rate. The rebound of incidence rate was related to the actual inoculation rate in some counties after immunization for 1-2 years.

Objective:To observe the current situation of the HFRS Epidemic Foci in Shenzhen.Methods:11 places were selected to lay cages for capturing mice;the population structure of rat was investigated through cluster sampling,the anti-Hantavirus antibody was detected by Indirect Immunofluorescent Assay and Hantavirus antigen was detected by Direct Immunofluorescent Assay.Results:625 mouse-like animals were captured and the capture rate was 11.07%,in which there were 368 Rattus norvegicus(58.88%),and the serum positive rate of anti-Hantavirus antibody was 7.17%(36/502),GMT was 54.45,the antigen positive rate of mouse lung was 0.81%(5/619),and all the positive serum and lung were from Rattus norvegicus.Conclusions:There are rattus-related HFRS Epidemic Foci in Shenzhen distributed in all the 6 districts of the city and 11 investigated places,and the Rattus norvegicus are the major host animals.

Objective:To investigate the population,constitution and distribution of rat and tick,flea,gamasid and jigger on its body surface in Shenzhen.Methods:11 places were selected to capture mice at the populated areas,farming areas and mountain areas through chuster sampling;the captured mice was identified and then,the insects on their body surfaces were collected to calculate the insect(tick,flea,gamasid and jigger) carrying rate and index.Results:625 mouse-like animals were captured and the capture rate was 11.07%,in which 560 were Order Rodentia animals and they belong to 1 family,3 genera and 10 species,and 65.71% were Rattus norvegicus;65 were Order Insectivorora animals and they belong to 1 family,1 genus and 1 species.Ticks belong to 2 genera and 2 species and 87.29% were Ixodes granulatus;Fleas belong to 3 genera and 3 species,98.56% of them were Xenopsylla cheopis;Gamasids belong to 2 genera and 3 species and 91.94% were Laelaps echidninus;Jiggers belong to 4 genera and 6 species and 27.12% were Walchia xishaensis;The insect carrying rates of the mice were 7.09%(tick),9.29%(flea),25.37%(gamasid) 7.40%(jigger) and the index were 0.17,0.30,0.80,1.28 respectively.Conclusions:The dominant rat at populated areas is Rattus norvegicus;The dominant rat at farming areas is Rattus norvegicus,Rattus losea and Rattus flavipectus;The dominant rat at mountain areas is Rattus norvegicus and Rattus sladeni;Ixodes granulatus,Xenopsylla cheopis,Laelaps echidninus and Walchia xishaensis are the dominant strains of tick,flea,gamasid and jigger respectively;their major host are Rattus sladeni,Rattus flavipectus,Rattus losea and Rattus sladeni respectively.